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New Regulation sets demanding Ecodesign requirements for boilers
Krzysztof Klobut, Senior
Scientist
Krzysztof.Klobut@vtt.fi
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland. http://www.vtt.fi
Ecodesign of Energy Using
Products Directive (ED) and Energy Labelling Directive (ELD) are recent legal
instruments in European Union aiming to improve the energy efficiency of
appliances. While energy labels assist consumers in choosing products which
save energy, and thus money, ecodesign is aimed to eliminate the least efficient
appliances from the market by establishing specific minimum requirements for
specific product groups. The aim is that the ecodesign and the energy labelling
requirements be introduced at the same time to facilitate implementation of the
two measures and to guarantee the longest possible validity for the energy
label. Energy labelling was addressed in REHVA Journal – March 2013 issue. In
this article the new Regulation on ecodesign of heaters is presented.
Background
The
Ecodesign Framework Directive (ED) 2009/125/EC establishes a framework for
setting ecodesign requirements for energy-related products [2].
It is a key instrument of EU policy for improving the energy efficiency and
other aspects of the environmental performance of products in the internal
market. The Directive addresses products identified by the Council and the European
Parliament as priorities for the Commission for implementation, including
heating equipment. Heaters are therefore priority product groups considered for
implementing measures under the Ecodesign Directive. Energy Labeling Directive
(ELD) establishes a framework for the Commission to develop Delegated
Regulations for the labelling of energy-related products. [1].
The ED is
an important instrument for achieving the objective of 20% energy savings
compared with baseline projections for 2020, and its implementation is one of
the priorities in the Commission’s Communication on Energy 2020 and Energy
Efficiency Plan 2011. [3, 4]
Directives
are brought into practice by Commission issuing implementing measures in the
form of Regulations, Delegated Regulations, Communications, etc.
Contents of the regulation
The Commission
Regulation [5] implementing Ecodesign Directive [2]
was adopted by voting in the meeting of the Regulatory Committee on Heaters on 13th
March 2013. In this regulation energy efficiency requirements for space heaters
and for the space heating function of combination heaters are set on the basis
of seasonal space heating efficiency, which considers the energy inputs
to satisfy the space heating demand for a designated heating season under defined
conditions.
Energy
efficiency requirements for the domestic hot water heating function of
combination heaters are set on the basis of load profiles, namely a certain
sequence of water draw-offs representing the function of water heating, in
accordance with the separate proposed regulation introducing ecodesign requirements
for water heaters.
Apart from
energy efficiency, the sound power levels and nitrogen oxides emissions are
identified as significant environmental aspects for certain heaters.
Accordingly, maximum sound power level requirements are proposed for heat
pumps. For heaters using fuels, the Regulation sets maximum nitrogen oxides
emission levels.
Requirements
on minimum seasonal space heating energy efficiency, minimum water heating
energy efficiency, maximum sound power level, maximum nitrogen oxides emissions
and information to be provided by manufacturers are scheduled as follows:
After 2 years since this Regulation has entered into force:
· minimum seasonal space heating energy efficiency
· minimum useful efficiency at full load and part load of heaters and of combination heaters
· minimum water heating energy efficiency of combination heaters
· maximum sound power level for heat pumps
· new technical information on the product to be provided by manufacturers
After 4 years:
· tougher minimum water heating energy efficiency of combination heaters
· tougher minimum seasonal space heating energy efficiency requirements for heat pumps and electric boilers
After 5 years:
· maximum nitrogen oxides emissions for heaters and combination heaters
· maximum emission values for CHP-units and heat pumps
Measurements and calculations of the relevant product parameters
should be performed using generally recognised state-of-the-art calculation and
measurement methods. In this context, manufacturers may apply reliable,
accurate and reproducible measurement and calculation methods and harmonised
standards.
As required
in Article 8(2) of Directive [2], the new Regulation [5]
specifies the applicable conformity assessment procedures, which should be either
internal design control as set out in Annex IV to that Directive or the
management system set out in Annex V to the Directive, without prejudice to
Articles 7(2) and 8 of and Annexes III to V to Council Directive 92/42/EEC [6].
Commission means here that the old boiler efficiency Directive [6]
should be repealed, except for articles and Annexes mentioned in
the previous sentence, and new provisions are laid down in this Regulation to
ensure that the scope is extended to heaters other than boilers.
In order to
facilitate compliance checks, manufacturers are required to provide information in the technical documentation referred to in the conformity assessment
procedures. Further standard product information to the end-user is set out in
the separate Delegated Regulation on energy labelling. [7, 8]
Technical requirements for boilers
The
following definitions are introduced in the Regualation.
‘Space heater’ means a device that a) provides
heat to a water-based central heating system in order to reach and maintain at
a desired level the indoor temperature of an enclosed space such as a building,
a dwelling or a room; and b) is equipped with one or more heat generators.
‘Combination heater’ means a space heater that is
designed to also provide heat to deliver hot drinking or sanitary water at a
given temperature levels, quantities and flow rates during given intervals, and
is connected to an external supply of drinking sanitary water.
The
technical requirements for space heaters and combination heaters are described
in the following.
Requirements for seasonal
space heating energy efficiency
Two years after this Regulation has entered
into force the seasonal space heating energy efficiency and useful efficiencies
of heaters shall not fall below the following values:
Fuel boiler
space heaters with rated heat output ≤ 70 kW and fuel boiler
combination heaters with rated heat output ≤ 70 kW, with the exception
of type B11 boilers with rated heat output ≤ 10 kW and type B11*)
combination boilers with rated heat output ≤ 30 kW: |
The seasonal
space heating energy efficiency**) shall not fall below 86 %. |
Type B11 boilers
with rated heat output ≤ 10 kW and type B11 combination boilers with
rated heat output ≤ 30 kW: |
The seasonal
space heating energy efficiency shall not fall below 75 %. |
Fuel boiler
space heaters with rated heat output > 70 kW and ≤ 400 kW and fuel
boiler combination heaters with rated heat output > 70 kW and ≤ 400
kW: |
The useful
efficiency at 100 % of the rated heat output shall not fall below 86 %, and
the useful efficiency at 30 % of the rated heat output shall not fall below
94 %. |
*) type B11 combination boiler means a
natural draught fuel boiler combination heater incorporating a draught
diverter, intended to be connected to a flue that evacuates the residues of
combustion to the outside of the room containing the fuel boiler combination
heater, and drawing the combustion air directly from the room; a type B11
combination boiler is marketed as type B11 combination boiler only.
**) See
the separate box for calculation of the seasonal space heating energy efficiency.
Requirements for water
heating energy efficiency
Two years after this Regulation has entered
into force the water heating energy efficiency of combination heaters shall not
fall below the following values:
Declared
load profile | 3XS | XXS | XS | S | M | L | XL | XXL | 3XL | 4XL |
Water
heating energy efficiency | 22% | 23% | 26% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 32% | 32% | 32% |
Four years after this Regulation has entered
into force the water heating energy efficiency of combination heaters shall not
fall below the following values:
Declared
load profile | 3XS | XXS | XS | S | M | L | XL | XXL | 3XL | 4XL |
Water
heating energy efficiency | 32% | 32% | 32% | 32% | 36% | 37% | 38% | 60% | 64% | 64% |
Declared
load profile means the load profile applied for conformity assessment. The load
profiles are defined in the Annex III of the Regulation.
Requirements for emissions
of nitrogen oxides
Five years after this Regulation has entered
into force emissions of nitrogen oxides, expressed in nitrogen dioxide, of
boiler space heaters and boiler combination heaters shall not exceed the
following values:
·
fuel
boiler space heaters and fuel boiler combination heaters using gaseous fuels:
56 mg/kWh fuel input in terms of GCV;
·
fuel
boiler space heaters and fuel boiler combination heaters using liquid fuels:
120 mg/kWh fuel input in terms of GCV;
Requirements on technical
information
In addition to basic product information presented so far, the new technical information requirements for boiler space heaters and boiler combination heaters now include:
· at 30% part load: useful heat output and the corresponding efficiency
· auxiliary electricity consumption at full load, at part load and in standby mode
· standby heat loss
· ignition burner power consumption
· NOx emissions
· daily electricity consumption at the declared load profile
· energy efficiency and daily fuel consumption for domestic hot water.
These require background documentation, which is available only through testing.
“Seasonal space heating energy efficiency” – a base for setting ecodesign requirements under ED and for energy labelling classification under ELDAll
efficiencies are related to gross calorific value (GCV) of the fuel. The key
role in the Regulation plays the seasonal space heating energy efficiency ηs, defined as the ratio between the space
heating demand for a designated heating season, supplied by a heater and the
annual energy consumption required to meet this demand, expressed in %. The
computer calculation spreadsheet first introduced in the preparation phase [9]
to calculate this figure, and subsequently modified, has finally been
replaced by a single formula applicable for all kinds of heaters covered by
ED. The formula is not provided in the Regulation itself but in an
accompanying draft document [10]. The formula is:
where for
fuel boiler space heaters and fuel boiler combination heaters: η1 is
useful efficiency at 30% of the rated heat output, expressed in %; η4 is
useful efficiency at rated heat output, expressed in %. The
corrections F(i) for fuel boiler space heaters and fuel boiler combination
heaters are: F(1) accounts for a negative contribution to the seasonal
space heating energy efficiency of heaters due to adjusted contributions of
temperature controls. The correction is F(1) = 3%. F(2) accounts for a negative contribution to the seasonal
space heating energy efficiency by auxiliary electricity consumption,
expressed in %, and is given as follows: F(3) accounts for a negative contribution to the seasonal
space heating energy efficiency by standby heat loss and is given as follows: F(4) accounts for a negative contribution to the seasonal
space heating energy efficiency by ignition burner power consumption and is
given as follows: where the
notations are: P1 is
useful heat output at 30% of rated heat output, expressed in kW P4 is
useful heat output at rated heat output, expressed in kW Pstby is
the heat loss of a boiler in operating modes without heat demand, expressed
in kW Pign is
the power consumption of a burner intended to ignite the main burner,
expressed in W in terms of GCV elmax is electric power consumption of a boiler
operating at full load, expressed in kW elmin is electric power consumption of a boiler
operating at part load, expressed in kW PSB is
electric power consumption of a boiler in operating modes without heat
demand, expressed in kW “Useful
efficiency” means the ratio of the useful heat output and the total energy
input of a boiler space heater, or boiler combination heater, expressed in %,
whereby the total energy input is expressed in terms of gross calorific value
(GCV) of the fuel. |
References
[1] Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labeling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products (Text with EEA relevance). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0001:0012:EN:PDF
[2] Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of Ecodesignrequirements for energy-uing products. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:285:0010:0035:EN:PDF
[3] Interview
with Mr. Paul Hodson of the European Commission. REHVA Journal – October 2012.
[4] Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/en0029_en.htm
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Establishment of the Working Plan
2012-2014 under the Ecodesign Directive. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/documents/eco-design/working-plan/files/comm-swd-2012-434-ecodesign_en.pdf
[5] COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No …/.. of XXX
implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for space heaters and combination
heaters. Accepted in voting 13.3.2013.
[6] COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/42/EEC of 21 May 1992 on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels.
[7] COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) No
…/.. of 18.2.2013 supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament
and of the Council with regard to the energy labelling of space heaters,
combination heaters, packages of space heater, temperature control and solar
device and packages of combination heater, temperature control and solar device.
[8] Kubiak
R., Grönnroos-Saikkala I. Energy labelling – State of play and conceptions for
future. REHVA Journal -
March 2013.
[9] Eco-design of Boilers and Combi-boilers. Preparatory study. Last accessed 9.4.2013 http://www.ecoboiler.org
[10] Testing Calculation Space and Combi
Heater-Draft0213
Draft COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION in the framework of the implementation
of Commission Regulation (EU) No …/… implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements
for space heaters and combination heaters, and of the implementation of
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No …/… supplementing Directive 2010/30/EU
of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling
of space heaters, combination heaters, packages of space heater, temperature
control and solar device and packages of combination heater, temperature
control and solar device. Version 19.2.2013.
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